Desde la crítica feminista a John Rawls y la teoría del reconocimiento de Axel Honneth, se propone ampliar la noción liberal de justicia social para que las relaciones de amor y cuidado recuperen su papel vital. Se examina en qué medida y sentido la vida familiar constituye una esfera de justicia para mostrar cómo, además de la regulación externa, es necesaria una mirada valorativa de sus relaciones internas, sin olvidar que en la familia intervienen virtudes que exceden a la justicia.

RESUMEN Desde la crítica feminista a John Rawls y la teoría del reconocimiento de Axel Honneth, se propone ampliar la noción liberal de justicia social para que las relaciones de amor y cuidado recuperen su papel vital. Se examina en qué medida y sentido la vida familiar constituye una esfera de justicia para mostrar cómo, además de la regulación externa, es necesaria una mirada valorativa de sus relaciones internas, sin olvidar que en la familia intervienen virtudes que exceden a la (...) justicia. ABSTRACT On the basis of the feminist critique of John Rawls and of Axel Honneth's theory of recognition, the paper suggests a broader liberal notion of social justice that reinstates the vital role of the relationships of love and care. It examines to what extent and in what sense family life constitutes a sphere of justice, in order to show that, in addition to external regulation, an evaluative approach of its internal relations is necessary, without neglecting the fact that virtues that go beyond justice are at stake in the family. (shrink)

En el presente trabajo se pretende reconstruir la noción de imaginación expuesta por Kant en la "Crítica de la razón pura", en su primera edición, y en la "Crítica del juicio" con el fin de poder dilucidar un posible papel de este concepto en el marco de la ética kantiana. -/- .

El presente artículo analiza la crítica de Axel Honneth a la distinción habermasiana entre sistema y mundo de la vida como una ficción teórica que acarrea un déficit explicativo de la dinámica social y una rebaja del propio enfoque comunicativo del autor. Se vincula esta crítica con la que han realizado otros teóricos y se valora su pertinencia a la luz de la réplica que el propio Habermas brindó. A partir de allí, se intenta mostrar cómo este distanciamiento de Honneth (...) habilita una nueva forma –aunque no explorada por el autor- de conceptualizar el carácter y rol de la sociedad civil.This article provides an analysis of Honneth’s objection to Habermas’s distinction between System and Lebenswelt. Honneth postulates it’s a theorical fiction that leads to misunderstand social dynamics and weakens his communicative perspective. Honneth’s objection is linked to other critical reviews of the distinction, and I conclude its relevance, also considering Habermas’s reply. From there, I try to show how Honneth objection opens a new way to think about civil society. (shrink)

El presente trabajo estudió la relación entre el derecho a la identidad en toda su esfera y la prohibición del anonimato de donantes de gametos en la aplicación de técnicas de reproducción humana asistida. La metodología se desarrolló desde un enfoque cualitativo, se utilizaron los métodos inductivo-deductivo, dogmático, histórico-lógico, comparativo y analítico-sintético, la técnica aplicada fue la revisión bibliográfica de ley, doctrina y jurisprudencia. Como conclusión se estableció la vulneración de derechos al inexistir una ley que regule el anonimato de (...) donantes. Adicionalmente se sugiere que, el Estado ecuatoriano cuente con una normativa completa, rígida y sobre todo garantista de los derechos de los intervinientes en las técnicas de reproducción humana asistida, de manera especial a las personas nacidas a través de gametos donados. (shrink)

El Problema de la Adopción afirma que ciertas leyes lógicas no pueden ser adoptadas. El argumento constituye un desafío al antiexcepcionalismo lógico, en la medida en que este último debe poder justificar su afirmación de que la teoría lógica en ejercicio puede revisarse. El propósito de este artículo es responder al desafío, utilizando como unidad de análisis el concepto de Taxonomía Lexical propuesto por Kuhn. Como mostraremos, una visión sociológicamente enriquecida de las teorías científicas y la naturaleza de sus cambios (...) permite dar cuenta de un antiexcepcionalismo lógico que evita el Problema de la Adopción. (shrink)

El siguiente trabajo, dedicado a la memoria del profesor Mariano Álvarez Gómez, se basa en sus trabajos sobre Sófocles y reflexiona sobre la naturaleza del conflicto trágico. En Edipo Rey este conflicto se ilustra mediante la lucha entre realidad y apariencia, entre apariencia y ser, y es tanto más trágico cuanto más se obstina Edipo en conocer su origen. En Antígona, siguiendo la interpretación hegeliana, el conflicto se pone en relación con el concepto griego de phrónesis, a través de (...) los sucesivos enfrentamientos entre los principales protagonistas de la tragedia, pero se mantiene siempre abierta la posibilidad de superación de dicho conflicto. Al final, se apunta otra interpretación que afirma la imposibilidad de superarlo y la función que en ese caso asume el arte. (shrink)

El objetivo de este texto es investigar sobre los posibles puntos de encuentro entre la psicoterapia existencial, un paradigma psicológico arraigado en las filosofías de la existencia, y el posicionamiento del profesor Marino Pérez Álvarez, quien se define a sí mismo como conductista radical, respecto a su manera de entender la existencia humana y el modelo más adecuado de psicoterapia. Para ello se proponen seis puntos de encuentro: necesidad de una fundamentación filosófica para la psicología, crítica al cientificismo y (...) al modelo médico, interpretación de los trastornos mentales como problemas de la vida cotidiana, recuperación del paciente como protagonista de la terapia, crítica a la psicología positiva y crítica al dualismo cartesiano. (shrink)

In this paper I propose a way of characterizing human agency in terms of the concept of a two‐way power. I outline this conception of agency, defend it against some objections, and briefly indicate how it relates to free agency and to moral praise‐ and blameworthiness.

Introduction: "I chose therefore my party & am a whigg": the First and Third Earls of Shaftesbury as political icons / Patrick Muller, Dresden -- Part I. The First Earl of Shaftesbury -- Whig wit: Andrew Marvell and the Earls of Shaftesbury / Nigel Smith, Princeton University -- Trade for peace: a complete account of the First Earl of Shaftesbury: interest in Carolina's Indian trade / Andrew Agha, University of South Carolina, Columbia -- John Locke and the reputation (...) of the First Earl of Shaftesbury / Mark Goldie, University of Cambridge -- Part II. The Third Earl of Shaftesbury in his time -- Shaftesbury, an early voice of the radical enlightenment / Jonathan Israel, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton University -- Shaftesbury and Locke: a tale of three letters / Daniel Carey, National University of Ireland, Galway -- "An equal commonwealth": Lord Ashley and the republican project of the late 1690s / Patrick Muller, Dresden -- Party politics in characteristicks / Jacob Sider Jost, Dickinson College, Carlisle -- Psychological and political balances: the Third Earl of Shaftesbury's reading of James Harrington / Laurent Jaffro -- (Re)defining the commonwealth: Shaftesbury's concept of political freedom / Angela Taraborrelli, St. John's University of Rome -- Shaftesbury's non-secular cosmopolitanism / David Alvarez, DePauw University, Greencastle -- Taste, the people and the public according to the Third Earl of Shaftesbury / Lawrence E. Klein, University of Cambridge -- Part III. The Third Earl of Shaftesbury: afterlife -- Art, morality and choice: the Third Earl of Shaftesbury and John Molesworth / William Molesworth, Dublin -- "Moral painting, by way of dialogue": Shaftesbury in the cry / Rebecca Anne Barr, National University of Ireland, Galway -- "Virtue pointing to her rugged mountain": Shaftesbury in America / James Pratt, University of Toronto -- Radicalizing sympathy: William Godwin's reading of Shaftesbury / Roman A. Barton, Humboldt-Universitat, Berlin. (shrink)

The negative impacts of agriculture on the environment and the inequity that limits access to healthy food for the entire population impede sustainable development. This article reflects contributions to food security and alternatives for transitioning to sustainable food systems. It is concluded that food, as a human right, is a complex and transdisciplinary issue, which must be integrated as a transversal axis in the economic, social, environmental, governance, and cultural dimensions to contribute to sustainable development and therefore the convenience of (...) making the transition from the concept of food security to that of food sustainability. (shrink)

Wittgenstein's views on action and the will changed throughout his philosophical writings, although there are common themes to be found within this evolution. This chapter concerns his later views on action and the will, as expressed in remarks on these topics mainly in Philosophical Investigations. It explores some core themes in those remarks and examines how some of these were taken up and developed by Wittgenstein's student Elizabeth Anscombe, in her influential monograph Intention. Wittgenstein was concerned with offering a characterization (...) of the concepts of voluntary and intentional action that escaped certain familiar philosophical temptations. In the Investigations, Wittgenstein wrote: “When people talk about the possibility of foreknowledge of the future they always forget the fact of the prediction of one's own voluntary movements”. A common thread in their discussion is a conviction in “the uselessness of an introspective explanation of intention”, of the idea that an intention is “a particular feeling, an inner experience”. (shrink)

The aim of this paper is to show that any process of benefit sharing that does not guarantee the representation and participation of women in the decision-making process, as well as in the distribution of benefits, contravenes a central demand of social justice. It is argued that women, particularly in developing countries, can be excluded from benefits derived from genetic research because of existing social structures that promote and maintain discrimination. The paper describes how the structural problem of gender-based inequity (...) can impact on benefit sharing processes. At the same time, examples are given of poor women’s ability to organise themselves and to achieve social benefits for entire communities. Relevant international guidelines (e.g. the Convention on Biodiversity) recognise the importance of women’s contributions to the protection of biodiversity and thereby, implicitly, their right to a share of the benefits, but no mechanism is outlined on how to bring this about. The authors make a clear recommendation to ensure women’s participation in benefit sharing negotiations by demanding seats at the negotiation table. (shrink)

Benefit sharing aims to achieve an equitable exchange between the granting of access to a genetic resource and the provision of compensation. The Convention on Biological Diversity, adopted at the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, is the only international legal instrument setting out obligations for sharing the benefits derived from the use of biodiversity. The CBD excludes human genetic resources from its scope, however, this article considers whether it should be expanded to include those resources, so as to (...) enable research subjects to claim a share of the benefits to be negotiated on a case-by-case basis. Our conclusion on this question is: 'No, the CBD should not be expanded to include human genetic resources.' There are essential differences between human and non-human genetic resources, and, in the context of research on humans, an essentially fair exchange model is already available between the health care industry and research subjects. Those who contribute to research should receive benefits in the form of accessible new health care products and services, suitable for local health needs and linked to economic prosperity. When this exchange model does not apply, as is often the case in developing countries, individually negotiated benefit sharing agreements between researchers and research subjects should not be used as 'window dressing'. Instead, national governments should focus their finances on the best economic investment they could make; the investment in population health and health research as outlined by the World Health Organization's Commission on Macroeconomics and Health; whilst international barriers to such spending need to be removed. (shrink)

This book explores why, regarding practical reasoning, humans are sometimes still faster than artificial intelligence systems. It is the first to offer a self-contained presentation of neural network models for many computer science logics.

Euthanasia has become the subject of ethical and political debate in many countries including Mexico. Since many physicians are deeply concerned about euthanasia, due to their crucial participation in its decision and implementation, it is important to know the psychological meaning that the term ‘euthanasia’ has for them, as well as their attitudes toward this practice. This study explores psychological meaning and attitudes toward euthanasia in 546 Mexican subjects, either medical students or physicians, who were divided into three groups: a) (...) beginning students, b) advanced students, and c) physicians. We used the semantic networks technique, which analyzed the words the participants associated with the term ‘euthanasia’. Positive psychological meaning, as well as positive attitudes, prevailed among advanced students and physicians when defining euthanasia, whereas both positive and negative psychological meaning together with more ambivalent attitudes toward euthanasia predominated in beginning students. The findings are discussed in the context of a current debate on a bill proposing active euthanasia in Mexico City. (shrink)

There is an important debate in the philosophy of mind that has roots in the phenomenological tradition, namely: what are the primitive forms of consciousness, that is, what are the fundamental ingredients or aspects of consciousness. This paper wants to contribute to partially answering this general question by providing an answer to a required sub-question within this question: is emotional phenomenology fundamental? I will answer in the affirmative and will offer an argument focused on contemplative emotions elicited by fiction. Another (...) type of contemplative emotions, namely, esthetic emotions, have been invoked in the literature but I will argue that the phenomenology of emotions elicited by fiction, given their continuity and sameness in kind with the phenomenology of garden variety emotions, are more dialectically efficient vis-à-vis the debate on the irreducibility of emotional phenomenology. (shrink)

The second part of Philosophical Investigations and other contemporary writings contain abundant material dedicated to the examination of visual perception, along the lines of similarities and differences manifested in the use of concepts such as “seeing as”, “seeing aspects”, “noticing the aspect”, “aspect blindness”, among other, related ones. However, the application of these concepts to phenomena such as face perception and word perception has not received proper attention in the literature. Our interest lies in identifying the features pertaining facial perception (...) and recognition of its content in order to understand how and to what extent they contribute to shed light on perceptual (and experiential) relationships we have with language, in particular with its written form. In other words, we will try to show in what ways the “phenomenology of facial perception” or “physiognomy” helps to understand the “experience of meaning” and the “phenomenology of reading”. My interpretative hypothesis is that, in Wittgenstein’s view, the features shared by face and word perception are more profound than a mere analogy, and that, in the case of words, these features can explain specific semantic (perhaps, semantic-pragmatic) phenomena that should be included in an appropriate reconstruction of the varieties of use in natural languages. (shrink)

This open issue of the Nordic Journal of Applied Ethics consists of four papers that discuss topics covering fetal diagnostics ethics, value conflicts in the use of artificial intelligence, abortion and population ethics.

A growing number of people are relying on technologies like Google Maps not only to navigate and locate themselves in cartographic space but also to search, discover and evaluate urban places. While the spatial data that underlies such technology frequently appears as a combination of Google-created maps and locational information passively collected from mobile (GPS-enabled) devices, in this article we argue that for such systems to function as both useful tools for exploration for users and sources of revenue, users must (...) actively produce massive quantities of granular spatial data that would otherwise be significantly more difficult and expensive to collect. The production of this qualitative information about places constitutes significant unremunerated affective labour. In this article, we build on the tradition of feminist geographies, especially feminist and critical Geographic Information Systems (GIS), to examine how the labour done by gendered, raced and often classed members of a local community is alienated by Google (i.e. Alphabet, Inc.) to produce commodified spatial data/media in the Local Guides platform. We analyse how Google’s presentation of the platform hails women as care labourers—sharing their thoughts, feelings and knowledge of place for free in the name of supporting and caring for a community, however vaguely it may be constituted. At the same time, we argue that digital labour that produces the Local Guides platform draws from and reproduces specific gendering of spaces. We draw on a case study of a commercial corridor in the US city of Worcester, Massachusetts to show how the dialectic between affective digital labour and urban space has material effects on the production of raced, classed and gendered spaces and places. The article concludes with a call to maintain critical, feminist engagements with these types of platforms in order to further develop forms of digital praxis towards more just cities. (shrink)

Zygmunt Bauman, la tarea de construir un nuevo orden para reemplazar al viejo y oxidado actualmente ya no forma parte de ninguna agenda. La modernidad de hoy vive en una continua licuefacción: es la modernidad líquida. Por eso, advertida la dificultad de la tarea –dado que nos enfrentamos a un escenario en permanente transformación– y teniendo en cuenta que las reflexiones de nuestro autor distan mucho de ser una catalogación exhaustiva, el objetivo de este artículo es señalar una distinción primordial: (...) la contraposición entre ética y moral que trasluce en los textos de Zygmunt Bauman. Este contraste es necesario como presupuesto para secundar una aspiración de Bauman: la de hacer de la modernidad líquida un periodo histórico un poco más moral. Además, la relevancia de establecer este contraste se hace manifiesta al adquirir la convicción de que muchas de las ideas de fondo que subyacen detrás de las afirmaciones de Bauman no se nos presentan directamente ante los ojos, sino que han de ser reconstruidas. Por eso, comenzaremos por justificar la importancia de establecer tal distinción, para después ahondar en las nociones que el sociólogo polaco denominaba ética moderna y ética posmoderna, y, a partir de ahí, dilucidar mejor lo que sería para Bauman la moral. Cerraremos nuestro artículo haciendo una valoración de esta perspectiva de Bauman que, como él mismo reconoce, adolece de la misma ingénita incertidumbre del fenómeno analizado. (shrink)

1984, de George Orwell, é uma ficção futurista que aponta para uma distopia na Oceânia, um país comandado pelo Partido e seu regime totalitário. A ideologização ostensiva ocasiona a reificação das consciências. Winston Smith, funcionário do governo, questiona o totalitarismo e se torna alvo da Polícia das Ideias. Winston capitula, via tortura, diante do poder oficial. Os conceitos da obra de Orwell são discutidos à luz da teoria crítica da sociedade, representada neste ensaio por Adorno, Horkheimer e Marcuse. Estes autores (...) dialogam com a obra de Orwell e ajudam a desenvolver uma interpretação segundo uma perspectiva crítica e emancipatória. (shrink)

Este trabajo muestra la percepción de la población humana asentada en las siete áreas naturales protegidas federales de Baja California Sur, desde el punto de vista del conocimiento empírico sobre los cambios en el medio ambiente y recursos naturales ante efectos del Cambio Climático (CC). Se recolectaron datos a partir de la aplicación de 250 encuestas cualitativas en 2011. Los resultados muestran que la mayor parte de la población conoce el significado de CC y que los efectos que perciben son (...) reducción en la superficie forestal por cambio en uso de suelos, reducción de la actividad pesquera por cambios en las condiciones del mar, efectos negativos en el hato ganadero y frecuencia e intensidad de huracanes, aumento en sequías, falta de agua y reducción en la actividad ecoturística por cambios en las playas. Estudios han demostrado que la valoración subjetiva de la población humana contribuye a cambios en el comportamiento mediante una estrategia de adaptación y toma de conciencia del ciudadano. (shrink)

La Segunda consideration intempestiva delimita una relación funcional con la historia: esta beneficia a la vida cuando se posiciona desde una perspectiva ilusoria, disimulada y estratégica. Se analizan dos consecuencias: la crítica de la historia como ciencia objetiva y los matices que se desprenden de considerarla como relato. Si G. Agamben ha mostrado cómo la historia surge en el intersticio que hay entre lenguaje y discurso, el debate debe orientarse al proceso por el que la subjetividad adviene a un lenguaje (...) que debe "historizar". Esto implica explorar las relaciones entre felicidad e historia como depósito de sentido y de esperanza. The Second Untimely Meditation establishes a functional relation to history: the latter benefits life when it is considered from an illusory, dissimulated, and strategic perspective. The article analyzes two consequences of this: the critique of history as an objective science and the nuances entailed by considering it as a narrative. If G. Agamben has shown how history arises in the interstice between language and discourse, the debate should focus on the process through which subjectivity acquires a language that must be "historicized". This implies exploring the relations between happiness and history as a repository of meaning and hope. A Segunda consideração intempestiva delimita uma relação funcional com a história: esta beneficia a vida quando se posiciona a partir de uma perspectiva ilusória, disfarçada e estratégica. Analisam-se duas consequências: a crítica da história como ciência objetiva e as matizes que se desprendem de considerá-la como relato. Se G. Agamben tem mostrado como a história surge no interstício que há entre linguagem e discurso, o debate deve ser orientado ao processo pelo qual a subjetividade advém a uma linguagem que deve "historizar". Isso implica explorar as relações entre felicidade e história como depósito de sentido e de esperança. (shrink)

La Segunda consideración intempestiva delimita una relación funcional con la historia: esta beneficia a la vida cuando se posiciona desde una perspectiva ilusoria, disimulada y estratégica. Se analizan dos consecuencias: la crítica de la historia como ciencia objetiva y los matices que se desprenden de considerarla como relato. Si G. Agamben ha mostrado cómo la historia surge en el intersticio que hay entre lenguaje y discurso, el debate debe orientarse al proceso por el que la subjetividad adviene a un lenguaje (...) que debe “historizar”. Esto implica explorar las relaciones entre felicidad e historia como depósito de sentido y de esperanza. (shrink)

O artigo examina a descriçáo e a crítica nietzscheanas do método dialético socrático, bem como o método de investigaçáo nietzscheano – a genealogia. Nietzsche considera o ser humano um criador de conceitos e de métodos de investigaçáo. Os métodos de investigaçáo, por sua vez, sáo associados a tipos humanos e a suas formas de relacionamento com a realidade efetiva. A genealogia analisa a vontade de potência que produz os conceitos e a considera como sintoma de um tipo humano. Nietzsche critica (...) o método dialético socrático, principalmente, por ser criaçáo de um tipo humano decadente. (shrink)